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ABO typing and Rh are needed for blood transfusion, to identify candidates for Rh immune globulin administration and to assess the risk of hemolytic disease of the new-born.

Acetaminophen is an analgesic/anti-inflammatory agent that may be hepatotoxic when ingested in quantities exceeding 150 mg/kg.

Excessive formation of ketone bodies (acetone) results in increased blood levels (ketonemia) and increased excretion in the urine (ketonuria). This condition is associated with a decreased availability of carbohydrates, such as dieting or decreased use of carbohydrates. Diabetes and alcohol consumption are common causes of ketoacidosis.
Ingestion of isopropyl alcohol also leads to the formation of acetone.

Urinary acetone test is performed for confirmation as well as follow up of ketonuria.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness, most commonly due to auto Antibodies-mediated loss of functional acetylcholine receptors (AChR) in the neuromuscular junction. This assay aids in the differential diagnosis of MG-like muscle weakness, in differentiating between generalized MG and ocular MG, and in monitoring therapeutic response. If binding antibodies are negative, assays for blocking and modulating antibodies should be considered.

Screening test for deficiencies of plasma coagulation factors other than factors VII and XIII. The test is also used to monitor patients on heparin therapy.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

To help detect or rule out a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in body fluids in order to assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

This assay is useful for evaluation of severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome and hemolytic anemia of obscure cause. ADA is increased in cases of tuberculosis in approximately 20% of cases.

Adenovirus is responsible for up to 10% of all febrile illnesses occurring in the first 2 years of life and 5% of febrile episodes in the 2-4 year age group. Adenoviruses are associated with a numberof clinical syndromes including pharyngoconjunctival fever, acute febrile pharyngitis, epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and hemorrhagic cystitis. Adenovirus can be detected in clinical specimens, usually during the first three days of illness. The direct immunofluorescent antibodies test (DFA), enzyme immunoassay, or a culture can provide definitive identification, which may assist in determining prognosis and appropriate therapy.

Human adenoviruses cause a variety of human diseases, and can occur at any time of the year and in all age groups. Currently, there are 51 adenovirus serotypes that have been grouped into 6 separate sub-genera. Though culture is the gold standard for the diagnosis for adenovirus infection, but it is time consuming, and serological tests have the limitation of low sensitivity. PCR offers a rapid, specific, and sensitive means of diagnosis by detecting adenovirus DNA.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Isolation and identification of AFB is important for the management and treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections.

AFB stain provides a presumptive diagnosis of mycobacterial disease. It can be used to follow the progress of tubercular patients on therapy. AFB culture to be performed in all suspected cases.

AFB stain provides a presumptive diagnosis of mycobacterial disease. It can be used to follow the progress of tubercular patients on therapy. AFB culture to be performed in all suspected cases.

AFB susceptibility testing aids in qualitative susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex obtained from the clinical specimens as isolates growing in pure culture. It is also helpful in affirming the initial choice of chemotherapy for M. tuberculosis infections, confirming the emergence of drug resistance, and guiding the choice of alternate chemotherapeutic agents.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurements are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease and certain liver diseases, eg., viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. ALT activity in tissue is generally much lower then aspirate aminotransferase (AST) activity and is found in highest concentrations in the liver. ALT is often measured in conjunction with AST to determine whether the source of the AST is the liver or the heart. ALT is normally not elevated in cases of myocardial infarction, i.e., a normal ALT, in conjunction with an elevated AST, tends to suggest cardiac disease. However, slight elevations of ALT may occur if an infarct destroys a very large volume of heart muscle.

Urinary excretion of albumin indicates kidney damage and is recognized as a risk factor for progression of kidney diseases and cardiovascular diseases.

Serum albumin measurements are used in the monitoring and treatment of numerous diseases involving primarlily the liver and kidney. Its main value is the follow-up therapy where improvement in the serum albumin level is the best sign of successful medical treatment. There may also be a loss of albumin in the gastrointestinal tract, in the urine by the damaged kidney or direct loss of albumin through the skin. More then 50% of patients with gluten enteropathy have depressed albumin. The only cause of increased albumin is dehydration; there is no naturally occurring hyperalbuminemia

Ethanol is the most often abused substance whose primary effect on the CNS varies with blood concentration. Not all individuals experience the same effects at a given blood level. Other CNS depressants have an additive effect when taken in combination with ethanol. At high concentrations, ethanol elimination is relatively constant (zero order). Fatal concentration typically exceeds 0.4 g/dL. Blood concentrations of 0.3 g/dL are associated with coma. Ethyl alcohol is present in many medicinal liquids and mouthwashes.

Ethanol is the most often abused substance whose primary effect on the CNS varies with blood concentration. Not all individuals experience the same effects at a given blood level. Other CNS depressants have an additive effect when taken in combination with ethanol. At high concentrations, ethanol elimination is relatively constant (zero order). Fatal concentration typically exceeds 0.4 g/dL. Blood concentrations of 0.3 g/dL are associated with coma. Ethyl alcohol is present in many medicinal liquids and mouthwashes. The test is only for screening purpose.

Aldolase is an enzyme that helps in break down of certain sugars to produce energy. It is found in high amount in muscle tissue. Used to diagnose or monitor muscle/ liver damage.

Aldosterone is elevated in patients with hypertension due to aldosterone secreting tumor or idiopathic hyperaldosteronism.

The determination of aldosterone is useful in the diagnosis and evaluation of primary aldosteronism, selective hypo-aldosteronism edematous states, and other conditions of electrolyte imbalance.

When the total alkaline phosphatase activity is increased, the isoenzyme may be useful in determining the source of the increased activity.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

For detection of allergen specific IgE. Testing for IgE antibodies may be useful to establish the diagnosis of an allergic disease and to define the allergens responsible for eliciting signs and symptoms.

Alpha-1-Antitrypsin level may be increased in normal pregnancy and in several diseases including chronic pulmonary disease; hereditary angioedema; renal, gastric, liver and pancreatic diseases; diabetes; carcinomas and rheumatoid diseases. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin may be decreased in emphysema, hepatic cirrhosis, respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, nephrosis, malnutrition and cachexia.

Serum marker for non seminomatous germ cell tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc.

Molecular genetic testing of HBB, the gene encoding the hemoglobin subunit alpha, may be useful for predicting the clinical phenotype in some cases as well as pre symptomatic diagnosisof at-risk family members and prenatal diagnosis

See individual assays.

Amikacin is an aminoglycoside used to treat severe blood infections by susceptible strains of gram-negative bacteria. Peak serum concentrations are seen 30 minutes after intravenous injection and 60 minutes after intramuscular administration.
This assay aids assessment of adequacy of blood concentration of amikacin during therapy.

Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins. Number of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism are known. These disorders result in the accumulation/ deficiency of one or more amino acids in the body, which causes clinical signs and symptoms of the particular amino acid disorder. This assay aids evaluation of patients with possible inborn errors of metabolism. It may, also, be used for evaluation of endocrine disorders, liver diseases, muscle diseases, neoplastic diseases, neurological disorders, nutritional disturbances, renal failure, and burns.

Amino acids are the basic structural units of proteins. Urinary amino acid analysis may not only have clinical importance in the evaluation of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, but also in the investigation of acquired conditions like endocrine disorders, liver diseases, muscle diseases, neoplastic diseases, neurological disorders, nutritional disturbances, renal failure, and burns.

To rule out addiction

The major sources of amylase are the pancreas and the salivary glands. The most common cause of elevation of serum amylase is inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). In acute pancreatitis, serum amylase begins to rise within 6-24 hrs, remains elevated for a few days and returns to normal in 3-7 days. Other causes of elevated serum amylase are inflammation of salivary glands (mumps), biliary tract disease and bowel obstruction. Elevated serum amylase can also be seen with drugs (e.g., morphine)which constrict the pancreatic duct sphinter preventing excretion of amylase into the intestine.

In pancreatitis, urine levels of amylase reflect serum changes by a time lag of 610 hrs.

Androstenedione is a major precursor of both androgens and estrogens. Both the adrenal glands and the gonads produce it. It appears to be a major normal secretory product of the ovary. Its detection offers a method of determining whether the source of excess androgen is ovarian (e.g., polycystic ovaries, ovarian tumors), in contrast to the use of DHEA-S or DHEA as a measure of excess adrenal androgen production.

See individual assays

Approximately half of clinically recognizable spontaneous abortions have a major chromosomal anomaly, out of which up to 95% involve aneuploidy (gain or loss of whole chromosome) of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y. FISH, which uses DNA probes, can rapidly detect aneuploidy of 13, 18, 21, X and Y.

Increased in sarcoidosis, Gaucher Disease and lymphangiomyomatosis.

Antenatal work up.

Antenatal work up.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also called Devic disease or opticospinal multiple sclerosis is a severe, relapsing, autoimmune, inflammatory and demyelinating central nervous system disease that predominantly affects optic nerves and spinal cord. Autoimmunity is directed against astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4. This assay aids in the diagnosis of a neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), diagnosis of autoimmune AQP4 channelopathy, and distinguishing NMOSD from multiple sclerosis early in the course of disease.

Anti-CCP is useful in diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis and entities that may potentially be confused with rheumatoid arthritis that are rheumatoid-factor positive.

Antidiuretic hormone (also called ADH or Vasopressin) regulates water reabsorption in the kidney, reducing diuresis and increasing blood volume and pressure.
The syndrome of inappropriate release of ADH has been labeled SIADH, occurring with neoplasia, pulmonary disorders (e.g., pneumonia and tuberculosis), CNS disorders, and with specific drugs.

High levels of antibodies to double stranded DNA are found in active systemic lupus erythematosus, but are uncommon in other autoimmune diseases

A positive IgA endomysial antibodies result supports the diagnosis of celiac disease

Celiac disease is characterized by the presence of anti gliadin Antibodies. Such patients display a hypersensitivity to gluten (wheat) in their diet. The antibodies is undetectable when patients with hypersensitivity are placed on gluten-free diets. Antibodies IgA is more specific and IgG is a more sensitive assay to celiac disease.

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) antibodies is useful to diagnose insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, Type I
diabetes), to assess risk for development of IDDM, to predict onset of IDDM, and risk of development of related endocrine disorders, e.g., thyroiditis. Before clinical onset, Type I diabetes is characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the islet cells, and by circulating autoantibodies against a variety of islet cell antigens including GAD-65, IA-2 (a tyrosine phosphatase-like protein), and insulin autoantibodies (IAA).

First-line diagnostic test for acute hepatitis A

Immunity due to natural infection and hepatitis B vaccination

Hepatitis D virus (HDV), also known as delta hepatitis virus, is a defective RNA virus having a delta antigen and a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as the
core and protein coat of the virus, respectively. Infection with HDV can occur as an acute coinfection together with HBV or an acute superinfection of chronic HBV. This assay is useful in detection of hepatitis D virus (HDV)-specific IgG & IgM antibodies in human serum, aiding diagnosis of with acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (acute coinfection), chronic HBV infection (chronic coinfection), or acute exacerbation of known chronic HBV infection (HDV superinfection)

Patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) usually develop autoantibodies to insulin when treated by chronic insulin injection. Antibodies titers and affinities vary, but the similarity of porcine and human insulin structures are such that most antibodies crossreact with these species. This assay is designed to assess lower titers of autoantibodies in diabetic patients as well as detecting insulin autoAntibodies in prediabetic patients and patients with other autoimmune disorders.

For detection of antibodies to Leishmania donovani

A high anti-mitochondrial Antibodies (AMA) titer supports the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis; low titers of AMA may be detected in other liver disorders which include chronic active hepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis.

Parietal cell antibodies are present in about 80% of patients with pernicious anemia and are rarely present in gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, or in association with antinuclear antibodies

Testing for phospholipid antibodies is indicated in cases of unexplained arterial / venous thrombosis, pregnancy with unexplained fetal deaths, spontaneous abortions, presence of unexplained cutaneous circulatory disturbance like livido reticularis and presence of systemic rheumatic disease like LE. This test is also used in cases of unexplained thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia & non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

Testing for phospholipid antibodies is indicated in cases of unexplained arterial /
venous thrombosis, pregnancy with unexplained fetal deaths, spontaneous abortions, presence of unexplained cutaneous circulatory disturbance like livido reticularis and presence of systemic rheumatic disease like LE. This test is also used in cases of unexplained thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia & non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

Testing for phospholipid antibodies is indicated in cases of unexplained arterial /
venous thrombosis, pregnancy with unexplained fetal deaths, spontaneous abortions, presence of unexplained cutaneous circulatory disturbance like livido reticularis and presence of systemic rheumatic disease like SLE. This test is also used in cases of unexplained thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia & non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.

This test is used to diagnose antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with recent miscarriage, pulmonary hypertension, non-vegetative endocarditis, livido reticularis, stroke at young age and deep vein thrombosis.

ASMA are detected in 40-70% of patients with Type 1 chronic active hepatitis, 50% of patients with active hepatitis/primary biliary cirrhosis overlap, and 28% of patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis. It can be also positive in conditions like acute viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, asthma, yellow fever, malignancies (ovarian carcinomas, malignant melanoma), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.

ASMA are detected in 40-70% of patients with Type 1 chronic active hepatitis, 50% of patients with active hepatitis/primary biliary cirrhosis overlap, and 28%
of patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis. It can be also positive in conditions like acute viral hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, asthma, yellow fever, malignancies (ovarian carcinomas, malignant melanoma), rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.

Sperm antibodies are associated with some cases of infertility. In couples with abnormal post coital tests, 24% males and 35% females exhibit sperm antibodies. These antibodies interfere with the binding of sperm head with zona pellucida of the egg.

Aids in the detection of hypercoagulable states associated with venous thrombotic episodes. May be useful in patients who appear to be hyporesponsive to heparin.

Tissue transglutaminase Antibodies, IgG, is useful in diagnosing gluten-sensitive enteropathies, such as celiac sprue disease, and an associated skin condition, dermatitis herpetiformis in patients who are IgA-deficient.

Anti-Deoxyribonuclease B (Anti-DNase B) assay is a quantitative measure of the presence of antibodies in patients suspected of having a recent group A (Beta-hemolytic) streptococcus infections (Streptococcus pyogenes). Anti-DNase B antibody titers, stay elevated for prolonged period,
which is useful since often ASO titers may rise, but falls prior to the onset of the glomerulonephritis which shows onset often greater than 2 weeks after the infection has resolved.

Presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) is a hallmark feature of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD). ANA lacks diagnostic specificity and is associated with a variety of conditions like cancers, autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases and may also occur in healthy individuals.

The test is a sensitive test for recent streptococcal infection. A rise in ASO begins about one week after infection and peaks two to four weeks later. ASO levels do not rise with cutaneous infections. In the absense of complications or reinfection, the ASO level will fall to preinfection levels within 6 to 12 months. Over 80% of patients with acute rheumatic fever and 95% of patients with acute glomerulonephritis have elevated levels of ASO.

Apolipoprotein B (APO B) has been reported to be a powerful indicator of CAD. In some patients with CAD, APO B is elevated even in the presence of normal LDL cholesterol.

Apolipoprotein A1 is a good predictor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Low level of APO A1 in serum are associated with increased risk of CAD. The measurement of APO A1 may be of value in identifying patients with atherosclerosis.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Arsenic exists in a number of toxic and nontoxic forms. Blood concentrations of arsenic are elevated for a short time after exposure, after which arsenic rapidly disappears into tissues because if its affinity for tissue proteins. The body treats arsenic like phosphate. This assay aids in detection of acute/ very recent arsenic exposure, and in monitoring the effectiveness of therapy.

See individual assays

Refer to Health benefits on Turmeric Supplement

The conventional smear is intended for use in screening for the presence of atypical cells, malignancies or its precursor lesions, as well as all other cytologic categories.

AST is widely distributed throughout the tissue with significant amounts being in the heart and liver. Lesser amounts are also found in skeletal muscles, kidneys, pancreas, spleen, lungs and brain. Injury to these tissues results in the release of the AST enzyme to the general circulation. In myocardial infarction, serum AST may begin to rise within 6-8 hrs after onset, peak within two days and return to normal by the fourth or fifth day post infarction. An increase in serum AST is also found with hepatitis, liver necrosis, cirrhosis and liver metastasis.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic disorder characterized by progressive hepatocellular loss and cell-mediated immunologic attack. Clinical Uses of Autoimmune Hepatitis Panel-1 are: diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), differentiation of AIH from primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and monitoring disease activity in children with AIH. This panel may be ordered for patients with acute/ chronic hepatitis of unknown cause, and also in individuals with allograft dysfunction after liver transplantation.