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Elevations in serum lactate dehydrogenase occur in myocardial infarction, liver disease, pernicious and megaloblastic anemias, pulmonary emboli, malignancies, muscular dystrophy etc.

This assay is useful in the diagnosis of lactatic acidosis which is typically observed in patients with short bowel syndrome and following jejuno-ileal
bypass resulting in carbohydrate malabsorption. Healthy children presenting with gastroenteritis may also develop lactic acidosis.

Lactate found in CSF is predominantly produced by central nervous system glycolysis and is independent of serum lactate.Increased CSF lactate concentrations are related to increased cerebral glycolysis or hypoxia associated with bacterial meningitis, cerebral infarction, cerebral arteriosclerosis, intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, traumatic brain injury, cerebral edema, epilepsy, and inborn errors of metabolism. Lactate measurement in CSF can be used as a test to differentiate bacterial from viral meningitis.

Lamotrigine is an anticonvulsant drug used as an adjunctive treatment for refractory partial seizures.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Diagnostic aid for myocardial infarction. Also for malignancies, anemias, and acute liver and muscle injuries.

CSF LDH is useful to differentiate bacterial form viral meningitis. The CSF LDH levels are independent of serum concentrations.

LDL cholesterol circulates as large buoyant (pattern A), intermediate & dense particles (pattern B).
Compared to individuals with pattern A, individuals with pattern B have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and may respond more favorably to lipid lowering therapy.

LDL cholesterol is a key factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD), while HDL cholesterol
has often been observed to have a protective effect. Even within the normal range of total cholesterol concentrations, an increase in LDL cholesterol can be associated with increased risk for CAD. LDL cholesterol binds to receptor sites on macrophages in blood vessel walls inciting several changes in the blood wall which enhance atherosclerotic plaque
development.

Lead is distributed in the body into two pools, an active pool in the blood and soft tissues
and a storage pool in bones and calcified tissues. In the blood, 95-98% of all the inorganic lead is found in the erythrocytes.
Chronic exposure will cause lead to accumulate in the bone, teeth, liver and brain. Since excretion of lead by the kidneys is very slow, it tends to accumulate in the body. Advanced lead intoxication will result in lead encephalopathy characterized by cerebral edema, coma and convulsions. Children are specially susceptible to neurologic damage from lead and acute neurologic toxicity may develop without previous symptoms. Blood lead concentrations are monitored to assess toxicity and the course of treatment.

Legionella pneumophila causes pulmonary disease in both normal and immuno-compromised hosts leading to legionnaires disease, pontiac fever and extra pulmonary infections, which are collectively referred to as legionellosis.

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) is a disseminated intracellular protozoal (Leishmania spp) infection that targets primarily the reticuloendothelial system (liver, spleen, bone marrow), and can be fatal if untreated. Disease has a worldwide distribution, including the Middle East. Rapid kala azar test is used in the diagnosis of active visceral leishmaniasis.

Leptospirosis results from the direct or indirect exposure to urine from animals infected with leptospira. Illness ranges from self-limiting disease, to meningitis, to hepatorenal failure. This assay can be used as a serological diagnostic aid in leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis results from the direct or indirect exposure of urine from animals infected with Leptospira. Illness ranges from self-limiting disease, to meningitis, present in up to 40%
of patients, to hepatorenal failure (Weil syndrome) that can be fatal.

The leukemia evalution employs cell surface markers to aid in the diagnosis and characterisation of neoplasms of hematopoietic origin. Results are useful in the
differential diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring and detection of relapses of these neoplasms.

Levetiracetam is used for treatment of partial, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures, and is used also for manic states and migraine prophylaxis. This assay is used for monitoring serum concentration of levetiracetam, particularly in patients with renal disease, assessing compliance, and assessing potential toxicity of the drug.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Confirmatory evidence for diagnosis of pancreatitis

The lipid profile components are useful in the detection, classification and monitoring of patients with hyperlipidemia.

The lipid profile components are useful in the detection, classification and monitoring of patients with hyperlipidemia.

Elevated concentration of Lp(a) are associated with increased risk of coronary artery diseases.

This test is useful in the detection, classification and monitoring of patients with hyperlipidemia.

Lithium is used in the treatment of both manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder, as well as in unipolar depressive disorder to prevent future depressive episodes. The clinical presentation and patient history dictate the necessity and frequency of measuring serum lithium concentrations. Elderly patients taking lithium should be more closely monitored for signs of lithium toxicity. Lithium toxicity should be considered in the context of both chronic intoxication and acute ingestion.

see individual assay.

see individual assay.

The presence of LKM-1 Antibodies can be used in conjunction with clinical findings and other laboratory tests to aid in the diagnosis of autoimmune liver diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH-2)

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Lupus anticoagulants (LA) are members of a family of Antibodies with phospholipid specificity. LA may be defined as an immunoglobulin, IgG or IgM or a mixture of both, that interferes with one or more of the in vitro phospholipid (PL) dependent tests of coagulation. These antibodies are not associated with a
hemorrhagic diathesis, but rather have been linked to thrombotic events. In addition to thrombosis other clinical complications have been associated with the presence of LA. These include strokes, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, livedo reticularis and a variety of obstetrical complications such as intrauterine fetal death, recurrent spontaneous abortion, fetal growth retardation, early onset preeclampsia and chorea gravidarum.

This test is useful in the differential diagnosis of pituitary and gonadal insufficiency and in children with precocious puberty.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Cellular immunophenotyping by immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with morphologic assessment, aids in establishing a diagnosis of lymphomas. It is also an essential component in sub-classification of lymphomas.