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Common organisms isolated are S.agalactiae, E.coli, Proteus species, Enterococcus and Klebsiella. On Identification of the organism, antibiotic susceptibility tests are performed that aid in selection of antibiotic for treatment.

Valproic acid is used as an anticonvulsant to treat certain types of seizures, to prevent migraine headaches, and to treat various psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar disorder and aggression. Drugs that compete for protein-binding sites with valproic acid can increase the concentration of the same. Ther-
apeutic drug monitoring is useful to optimize dose. Measurement of the free concentration is useful if toxicity is suspected.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by gram-positive organisms that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. It is associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
This assay is used for monitoring adequacy of drug concentration during vancomycin therapy.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a DNA virus of the herpes virus group that causes chicken pox (varicella) and shingles (zoster). Serological screening of direct health care providers and individuals in high risk groups is needed to avoid spread of infection.
Demonstration of VZV antibodies in a single serum is consistent with immunity. This test should not be used to determine the efficacy of immunization.

Results from Varicella zoster IgM assay should not be used as a sole determinant of a current or recent infection. Since an IgM test can yield false positive
results and low level of IgM Antibodies may persist for more than 12 months post infection, reliance on a single test result could be misleading. If an acute infection is suspected, consider obtaining a new specimen and submit for both IgG & IgM testing in two or more weeks.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can cause both varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). This molecular assay aids in rapid qualitative detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in clinical specimens for laboratory diagnosis of disease due to this virus.

Lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of antobodies including IgM, IgG and IgA to Treponema pallidum. Any reactive specimen with this test must be confirmed with alternative testing method and clinical findings.

This molecular assay aids in rapid detection of RNA of common pneumonia causing viruses, specifically Influenza A, Influenza B, Para Influenza & Enterovirus.

Vitamin A is critical for vision, growth, and many cell functions. High concentrations of vitamin A are seen with renal failure (not associated with toxicity), and
excessive ingestion. High concentrations are associated with bone fractures. Low concentrations of vitamin A are consistent with fat malabsorption and, rarely, due to dietary insufficiency.

Vitamin B1 is required for metabolism of branched-chain amino acid and carbohydrates. Vitamin B1 deficiency is most often due to alcoholism or chronic illnesses. In the early stage, patients with vitamin B1 deficiency exhibit anorexia, irritability, apathy, and generalized weakness. Prolonged deficiency causes Beriberi.

Vitamin B12 is decreased in pernicious anemia, total or partial gastrectomy, malabsorption and certain congenital and biochemical disorders. Its deficiency causes neurological disturbances and increases the serum level of homocysteine which is a cardiovascular risk factor.

Vitamin B6 is a cofactor in many metabolic pathway including heme synthesis. Vitamin B6 deficiency may be observed in patients with metabolic disorders, secondary to therapeutic drug use or alcoholism. Deficiency affects the function of the immune system.

Vitamin C is an antioxidant involved in connective tissue metabolism, drug metabolizing system, and mixed function oxidase systems etc. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy; manifestations include impaired formation of mature connective tissue , bleeding in skin, weakness, fatigue, and depression.

Ingested and cutaneously produced vitamin D is rapidly converted to 25(OH)D, but in serum only a fraction of 25(OH)D is converted to its active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D. Thus, measurement of the total 25(OH)D level is the best test to assess body stores
of vitamin D. The total 25(OH) D level allows for the diagnosis and monitoring of vitamin D deficiency.This assay should be used
for monitoring patients taking vitamin D supplements.

Deficiency of vitamin E may cause extensive neuropathy in young children. It is also a possible cause of motor and sensory neuropathy in older children and in adults. A likely cause of vitamin E deficiency is intestinal malabsorption, resulting from bowel disease, pancreatic disease, or chronic cholestasis. Other causes of malabsorption of vitamin E includes celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, and intestinal lymphangiectasis.

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) are typically elevated in patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors (eg, neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and other neural crest tumors). The urinary VMA test is useful for screening children for catecholamine-secreting tumors, supporting a diagnosis of neuroblastoma, and monitoring patients with a treated neuroblastoma.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein that plays important role in platelet-platelet and platelet-vessel hemostatic interactions. Plasma VWF also serves as a carrier protein for coagulation factor VIII, thus stabilizing its procoagulant activity. VWF antigen measurement assesses the mass of plasma VWF protein, but does not reflect VWF functions or platelet VWF. This assay is useful for diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) and differentiation of VWD subtype (in conjunction with von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity and factor VIII coagulant activity), differentiation of VWD from hemophilia A (in conjunction with factor VIII coagulant assay), and monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatment with desmopressin or VWF concentrates in patients with VWD.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein that plays important role in platelet-platelet and platelet-vessel hemostatic interactions. Plasma VWF also serves as a carrier protein for coagulation factor VIII, thus stabilizing its procoag-
ulant activity. This assay is useful for diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (VWD) and differentiation of VWD subtype (in conjunction with von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity and factor VIII coagulant activity), differentiation of VWD from hemophilia A (in conjunction with factor VIII coagulant assay), and monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatment with desmopressin or VWF concentrates in patients with VWD.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination