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Magnesium, along with potassium, is a major intracellular cation.Renal handling of magnesium is effected by the combination of filtration and reabsorption.
Causes of renal magnesium wasting include endocrine disorders (hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism), congenital defects (Barter, Gitelman syndromes), exposure to drugs (diuretics,
cis-platinum, aminoglycoside antibiotics, calcineurin inhibitors). 24 hrs urinary magnesium is useful in assessing the cause of abnormal serum magnesium concentrations, determining adequacy of nutritional magnesium, computing urinary calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate supersaturation, and assessing kidney stone risk.

Urinary magnesium concentration often decline before serum concentration. Adverse effects, such as arrhythmias, can be observed while serum concentrations are within range.

Malaria is a protozoan parasitic infection, prevalent in subtropical and tropical parts of the world. The test may be helpful in evaluation of tropical spenomegaly. This test is not to be used in lieu of conventional smear diagnosis.

Malaria is a protozoan parasitic infection, prevalent in subtropical and tropical parts of the world. This test is not to be used in lieu of conventional smear diagnosis. Occasionally, test may show negativity even in presence of smear positivity.

The identification of malarial parasites on peripheral blood smear used for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Investigation for infertility.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary auto-inflammatory disease which is most prevalent in Mediterranean populations. It is characterized by recurrent febrile episodes with abdominal pain, pleuritis, arthritis, and, sometimes, pericarditis and meningitis. FMF is caused
by mutations in the MEFV gene encoding pyrin. FMF is typically inherited as an autosomal recessive condition, but heterozygous mutation carriers may also develop symptoms. This assay aids in confirmation of FMF.

The primary clinical utility of blood mercury is the determination of abnormal exposures seen at levels over 20 mcg/L. Mercury is absorbed via the respiratory tract (mercury vapors), skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Mercury poisoning can cause kidney damage. The chronic effect of mercury poisoning includes inflammation of mouth and gums, loosening of the teeth, kidney damage, nervousness, depression and spasms.

The 24-hour urinary metanephrines may be used as the first test for low suspicion cases of catecholamine-secreting pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas and also as a confirmatory study in patients with a less than 2-fold elevation in plasma free metanephrines. It can be also used to confirm positive plasma metanephrine results.

Amphetamines are sympathomimetic amines that stimulate the central nervous system activity. Methamphetamine is a prescription drugs for weight loss, and because of its stimulant effects, it may be abused. This assay is useful for confirming drug exposure.

Elevated levels of methylmalonic acid (MMA) result from inherited defects of enzymes involved
in MMA metabolism or inherited or acquired deficiencies of vitamin B12 or its downstream metabolites. This assay is used for evaluating children with signs and symptoms of methylmalonic academia, and for evaluating individuals with signs and symptoms associated with a variety of causes of cobalamin deficiency.

Microalbuminuria is defined as levels of albumin ranging from 30 to 300 mg in a 24 hr urine collection. Microalbuminuria is a well known predictor of poor renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and in essential hypertension. Microalbuminuria has also been shown more recently to be a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes in these populations. There is emerging data that reduction of albuminuria leads to reduced risk of adverse renal and cardiovascular events.

Filariasis is a disease resulting from parasitization by thread like or filiform worms called filariae. The embryos circulate in lymphatic tissues and blood as microfilaria leading to lymphan-
gitis, lymphadenitis, elephantiasis and tropical eosinophilia.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization among inpatients is a well-established risk factor. Additional screening for MRSA needs to be performed, not only to establish the size of the problem and to allow initiation of decolonization measures to prevent the onset of clinical disease, but also to allow implementation of infection control measures that will
be necessary to control the epidemic.

For the diagnosis of mumps virus infection.

Mumps is an acute, usually self-limited systemic illness
characterized by paroditis, high fever and fatigue. One third of infections are asymptomatic. A live attenuated vaccine is available. The mumps EIA IgG Antibodies test is sufficiently sensitive to establish immune status of the patient.

Clinical use is for detection of IgM antibodies to mumps virus

Tuberculosis remains a global pandemic. The increased prevalence and mortality of TB warrants an urgent call to enhance rapid diagnosis. This molecular assay not only allows for a rapid and accurate identification of mycobacteria in a variety of specimens, but also enables precise speciation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) and its differentiation from non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM).

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by one of several mycobacterial species that belong to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The human pathogens
are M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, and M. bovis. The other member of the complex, M. microti, is a rodent pathogen. Tuberculosis can develop through progression of recently acquired infection (primary disease), reactivation
of latent infection, or exogenous reinfection.

Mycoplasma hominis are frequently isolated from the cervical and vaginal tracts of women. Mycoplasma hominis has been associated with a number of clinically significant infections, although it is also part of the normal genital flora. Although Mycoplasma hominis may be a co-factor in bacterial vaginosis, it has otherwise not been implicated as a cause of lower tract disease.

The breakdown of skeletal muscle (rhabdomyolysis) releases myoglobin.

The breakdown of skeletal muscle (rhabdomyolysis) releases myoglobin. Very high concentrations of myoglobin may increase the risk of acute renal failure.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination