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C-peptide is useful in the evaluation of pancreatic function since it gives a direct evaluation of beta cell function.

Increased CRP levels are found in inflammatory conditions including bacterial infections, rheumatic fever, active arthritis, myocardial infarction, malignancies and in the post-operative state. This test cannot detect
the relatively small elevations of CRP that are associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Helps in presumptive identification of Corynebacterium species in clinical specimens. Diphtheria culture should also be performed in suspected cases

C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) is a multispecific protease inhibitor that regulates enzymes of the complement, coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin systems. A deficiency of functionally active C1-INH may lead to life-threatening angioedema. Two major forms of C1-INH deficiency are known; the congenital form hereditary angioedema (HAE), and the acquired form that is associated with a variety of conditions, including lymphoid malignancies. C1-INH functional assay is useful in diagnosis of hereditary angioedema and for monitoring response to therapy.

The C1 esterase inhibitor protein is a normal constituent of serum which functions as a serine proteinase inhibitor of the serpin family. The C1 esterase inhibitor inhibits the complement proteases C1r and C1s, as well as the proteases kallikrein, factor XIa, XIIa and plasmin of the blood clotting system. The concentration of
C1 esterase inhibitor protein is reduced to 10-30% of normal in patients with angioedema secondary to C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency (85% of patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE); in 15% of patients with HAE, the concentrations of the inhibitor protein is normal but function is markedly reduced.

Useful in C-cell hyperplasia, non thyroidal oat cell carcinoma, non thyroidal small cell carcinoma and other non thyroidal malignancies, acute and chronic renal failure, hypercalcemia, hypergastrinemia and other gastrointestinal disorders, and pulmonary disease.

Calcium measurements are useful in the diagnosis of parathyroid disease, some bone disorders and chronic renal disease. A low level of calcium may result in tetany.

Increases in calprotectin are seen with IBD, but also with bacterial infections, some parasitic infections, and with colorectal cancer.

The CA 125 level can provide prognostic information in the follow-up management of patients with ovarian carcinoma. The assay should be used as an adjunctive test in the management of ovarian cancer patients. CA 125 is not recommended as a cancer screening procedure to detect cancer in the general population.

CA 15-3 may be useful for monitoring patients with metastatic breast cancer and certain ovarian cancers. The CA 15-3 values
from sequential samples have a high correlation with the clinical course in most patients with metastatic breast cancer.

A large percentage of patients with gastrointestinal tumors (such as pancreatic, liver, gastric, colorectal tumors) and some other malignancies have been shown to have elevated serum or plasma CA 19-9 levels. The serum or plasma CA 19-9 levels may be useful for monitoring disease activity predicting relapse following treatment. CA 19-9 should not be used as a screening test.

For pathogen detection

Carbamazepine, an antiepileptic, is a first-line drug for treatment of partial seizures and trigeminal neuralgia. This assay is used for monitoring patients for carbamazepine therapy, toxicity and compliance

Increased serum CEA levels have been detected in persons with primary colorectal cancer and in patients with other malignancies involving the gastrointestinal tract, breast, lung, ovarian, prostatic, liver and pancreatic cancers. Elevated serum CEA levels have also been detected in patients with non-malignant diseases, especially patients who are older or who are smokers. CEA levels are not useful in screening the general population for undetected cancers. However, CEA levels provide important information about patient prognosis, recurrence of tumors after surgical removal, and effectiveness of therapy.

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Carnitine and its esters are required for normal energy metabolism. Evaluation of carnitine in serum is done for screening patients for suspected primary disorders of the carnitine cycle, or secondary disturbances in carnitine levels as a result of organic acidemias and fatty acid oxidation disorders.

The evaluation of plasma catecholamines is utilized in the differential diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. In addition, monitoring norepinephrine levels in association with clonidine suppression has been recommended as a means of distinguishing patients with pheochromocytoma from patients with essential hypertension. Measurement of plasma norepinephrine levels may aid in the differential diagnosis of orthostatic and postural hypotension.

Catecholamines include hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. Catecholamines, along with VMA, are produced in chromaffin cell tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuroma, and neuroblastoma. Symptoms of pheochromocytomas include episodic hypertension, headaches, sweating, heart palpitations, and anxiety.

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This assay is CD4+ lymphocyte subset enumeration using Pan Leukocyte (CD45+) Gating strategy. CD4+ lymphocyte percentages and absolute counts may be used as aid in evaluation of immune competency. Progressive clinical and immunologic deterioration correlates with decreasing CD4+ counts in HIV infections and response to therapy correlates with elevation of CD4+ counts. Reference interval of CD4+ by Pan Leucocyte gating method for persons less than 18 years is not available.

CD4 is expressed on a subset of T cells (T helper cells), histiocytes, and monocytes. This test is used for histological identification of T helper cells, histiocytes, and monocytes in tissues. It can bealso used to support T cell or histiocytic lineage in hematolymphoid neoplasms.

This test is used for identification of cytotoxic T cells. CD8 is expressed in a subset of T cells (cytotoxic T cells). It appears on the surface of cytotoxic Tlymphocytes during intrathymic maturation and is present on approximately 20% of the T cells in the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleen.

Patients with celiac disease display a hypersensitivity to gluten (wheat) in their diet. This panel helps differentiate patients with celiac disease from patients with other inflammatory bowel diseases.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Useful in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune and renal diseases as well as in the differentiation of classical versus alternative complement pathway activation.

Chikungunya virus (ChikV) is a single-stranded RNA alphavirus, a member of the Togaviridae family of viruses. Chikungunya IgM Rapid Test is for the qualitative detection of IgM anti-chikungunya (CHIK) virus. It is intended to be used as a screening test and provides a preliminary test result to aid in the diagnosis of infection with chikungunya virus.
Interpretation of this preliminary test result must also rely on clinical findings and the professional judgment.

Chikungunya virus is transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito leading to Dengue like symptoms. However no hemorrhagic manifestations are seen. Absence of IgM Antibodies does not exclude the possibility of Chikungunya infection.

Chlamydia infections are caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis and is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection worldwide. The organism causes genitourinary infections in both genders and may be associated with dysuria and vaginal, urethral, or rectal discharge, and may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, salpingitis, and infertility in females.

For the detection of chlamydia specific IgG antibodies

For the detection of chlamydia specific IgM antibodies

For diagnosis of chlamydial infection.

Serum chloride is the major extracellular anion and counter-balances the major cation, sodium, maintaining electrical neutrality of the body fluids. Two thirds of the total anion concentration
in extracellular fluids is chloride and it is significantly involved in maintaining proper hydration and osmotic pressure. Movement of chloride ions across the red blood cell membrane is essential for the transport of bicarbonate ions in response to changing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Chloride measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of electrolyte and metabolic disorders such as cystic fibrosis and diabetic acidosis.

Total cholesterol, in conjunction with LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglyceride determination, provide valuable information for the risk of coronary artery disease. Total serum cholesterol
analysis is useful in the diagnosis of hyperlipoproteinemia, atherosclerosis, hepatic and thyroid diseases.

Chromogranin A is the first line test for diagnosing carcinoid tumors. It is used as a follow-up test for treated cases of carcinoid tumors. It is useful as an adjunct in the diagnosis of other neuroendocrine tumors including pheochromocytoma, pituitary adenomas and functioning & non-functioning islet cell and gastrointestinal APUD tumors.

Approximately 15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies are spontaneously aborted (SAB).
A significant number of these samples in culture do not yield metaphase cells to perform cytogenetic studies.

This test may assist with the detection of common chromosome abnormalities.

This test may assist with the detection of chromosome abnormalities.

Testing determines chromosomal status of the fetus. Numerical and structural chromosomal
abnormalities can be diagnosed. Gender and the presence of more than one cell line (mosaicism) can also be determined. Indications include diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities in fetuses of women who are of advanced maternal age, had a previous child with a chromosome abnormality, parental carrier of a balanced translocation, inversion or marker chromosome, parental mosaicism and follow-up for abnormal maternal serum alpha fetoprotein or maternal screening results.

For diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities present in the fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy.

This is a flow cytometry test that can be performed using blood, bone marrow aspirate, or body fluids. In addition to standard
B-cell and T-cell markers, it includes CD38 and FMC7, which assist in the differential diagnosis of other B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder can have widely variable outcomes. Immunophenotypic markers can help identify patients with a higher risk for aggressive disease and will be helpful in devising management strategy.

Urinary citrate is a major inhibitor of kidney stone formation due to it binding of calcium in urine.
Condition like that metabolic acidosis, increased acid ingestion, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia lowers renal tubular pH or intracellular pH, thus decreasing urinary citrate. This assay is used for diagnosing risk factors for patients with calcium kidney stones, and for monitoring
results of therapy in patients with calcium stones or renal tubular acidosis.

Elevated Levels of CKMB occurs 4 to 6 hrs after the onset of pain in mycocardial infarction, peak at 18 to 24 hrs and persist upto 72 hrs.

Elevated levels of CKMB occurs 4 to 6 hrs after the onset of pain in myocardial infarction, peak at 18 to 24 hrs and persist upto 72 hrs.

Clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen that causes pseudomembranous colitis andantibiotic associated diarrhoea. It produces toxins A & B which are enterotoxins. A positive result is considered presumptive evidence of Clostridium difficile infection

Screening for bleeding tendency.

Exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV) occurs throughout life and by adulthood, 50 90% of the population is seropositive for CMV antibodies. CMV is spread by close contact, sexual transmission, perinatal or congenital transmission, and through blood transfusions and tissue trans-
plants. Intrauterine or congenital infections occur in 0.5 to 2.2% of all live births. Symptomatic congenital infections usually occur in infants born to nonim-
mune mother who have primary infections during pregnancy. Latency and reactivation of CMV influence the interpretation of serological results. A single positive CMV IgG results is an indication of present or past infection. The presence of CMV IgM suggests a recent CMV exposure but does not differentiate between primary infection and reactivation.

Intrauterine or congenital CMV infections occur in 0.5 to 2.2% of all live births. Symptomatic congenital infections usually occur in infants born to nonim-
mune mothers who have primary infections duing pregnancy. Latency and reactivation of CMV influence the interpretation
of serological results. A single positive CMV influence the interpretation of serological results. A single positive CMV IgG result is an indication of present or past infection. The presence of CMV IgM suggests a recent CMV exposure but does not differentiate between primary infection and reactivation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common and major cause of opportunistic infection in organ transplant recipients, causing significant morbidity and mortality.
Quantification of CMV DNA level in peripheral blood (ie, CMV viral load) is used routinely to determine when to initiate preemptive antiviral therapy, diagnose active CMV disease, and monitor response to antiviral therapy.

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This assay is used for detection of complement C1q in kidney, and skin biopsy specimens by immunofluorescence.

Decreased C3 may be associated with acute glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, immune complex disease, active systemic lupus erythematosus, and generalized autoimmune processes.

Decreased C4c level is associated with acute systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis, immune complex disease, cryoglobulinemia, congenital C4c deficiency and generalized autoimmune diseases.

Decreased C3 may be associated with acute glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, immune complex disease, active systemic lupus erythematosus, and generalized autoimmune processes.

Decreased C4c level is associated with acute systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis, immune complex disease, cryoglobulinemia, congenital C4c deficiency and generalized autoimmune diseases.

These analytes are useful in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune and renal diseases as well as in the differentiation of classical versus alternative complement pathway activation.

Enumeration of the components in the blood to provide a general hematologic assessment.

Enumeration of the components in the blood and to provide a general hematologic assessment.

For diagnosis of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

The nature of possible underlying disease can be ruled out/confirmed through histopathological examination

Urine copper excretion is increased in Wilson disease due to a decreased serum binding of copper to ceruloplasmin, or
due to allelic variances in cellular metal ion transporters. Hypercupriuria is also found in hemochromatosis, biliary cirrhosis, thyrotoxicosis, infections, and malignant conditions. Hypocupriuria is seen in malnutrition, hypoproteinemias, malabsorption, and nephrotic syndrome.

This assay is preferred as a screening test for Cushing syndrome. It also helps in the diagnosis of pseudo hyperaldosteronism due to excessive licorice consumption. The test has limited usefulness in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency.

This assay is preferred as a screening test for Cushing syndrome. It also helps in the diagnosis of pseudo hyperladosteronism due to excessive licorice consumption. The test has limited usefulness in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency.

Total serum cortisol is useful in the assessment of adrenal
function in critically ill or stressed patient, thus preventing unnecessary use of glucocorticoid therapy. It can be used as an adjunct in the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, and in the differential diagnosis of Cushing syndrome.

For detection of antibodies to Coxasackie infection

For detection of Antibodies to Coxasackie infection

Test for myocardial infarction and skeletal muscle damage. Elevated results may be due to myocarditis, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, muscle trauma or excessive exercise.

To monitor kidney function

Serum creatinine is useful in the evaluation of kidney function and in monitoring renal dialysis. A serum creatinine result within the reference range does not rule out function impairment: serum creatinine is not sensitive to
early renal damage since it varies with age, gender and ethnic background. The impact of these variables can be reduced by an estimation of the glomerular filtration rate using an equation that includes serum creatinine, age and gender.

To monitor kidney function

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate when cooled and dissolve when heated.Cryoglobulins may be associated with diseases like plasma cell disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infections. This assay aids
in evaluating patients with vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and lymphoproliferative diseases.
It can be also used for evaluating patients with macroglobulinemia or myeloma in whom symptoms occur with cold exposure.

Assess CNS infections

Bone marrow culture results may aid in the diagnosis of systemic fungal & bacterial infections.

Gonorrhea is a genderually transmitted disease (STD) that can infect both men and women.It can cause infections in the genitals, rectum, and throat. It is a very common infection, especially among young people aged 15-24 years.

Cereberospinal fluid cultures are of importance in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. The most common causes of thislife threatening condition are E.coli and Group B streptococci in neonates, H. influenzae (2 months5 years), N. meningitidis (all ages, most common in older
children and young adults) and S. pneumoniae (all ages).

The clinical significance of an isolate vaires with the identification, source, and clinical symptoms manifested.

Culture of the nose (as opposed to nasopharynx) is primarily for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. The significance of other organisms is difficult to assess since this site and its discharges can easily be colonized by a variety of organisms.

On identification of the organism, antibiotic susceptibilities are performed that aid in selectionof appropriate antibiotic for treatment.

For pathogen detection

Isolation of potential respiratory pathogens can be useful in the diagnosis of respiratory tract infection. Since respiratory specimens contain organisms found in normal flora, evaluate isolates accordingly.

Salmonella and shigella are considered pathogens when isloated from clinical specimens.Identification of these oraganisms is important for treatment and infection control.

This culture is designed to quantitate the growth of significant bacteria when collected by the clean catch guidelines or from indwelling catheters. Quantitative culturing of urine is an established tool to differentiate significant bacteruria from contamination introduced during voiding. This test has a reference range of less than 1,000 bacteria per mL. More than 95% of urinary tract infections (UTI) are attributed to a single organism.Infecting organisms are usually present at greater that 100,000 per mL, but a lower density may be clinically important. In cases of UTI where more than one organism is present, the predominant organism is usually significant and others are probably urethral or collection contaminants. When multiple organisms are isolated from patients with indwelling catheters, UTI is doubtful and colonization likely.

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant therapeutic agent used in the prevention of organ graft rejection. Measurement of blood levels is recommended due to the inter-individual variability of metabolism as well as the toxicity associated with excessive dosage.

Sensitive marker for chronic kidney disease.

Also known as mucoviscidosis, cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs but also the pancreas, liver,kidneys and intestine. This is a screening test of cystic fibrosis disease.

Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disease in which dibasic amino acid, including cystine, are excreted in excess.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common and major cause of opportunistic infection in organ transplant recipients, causing significant morbidity and mortality.Lung, heart, small intestine, pancreas, and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients are at greater risk for CMV infection than kidney and liver transplant recipients.
This test is used for detection of cytomegalovirus viremia.